Blog posts
COVID-19 Stories: Hana Rohan
Dr Hana Rohan is Assistant Professor in Social Science at LSHTM and a member of the UK Public Health Rapid ...
Modelling the spread of COVID-19 and the impact of public health interventions in Cox’s Bazar and other refugee camps
David Kennedy (Data Scientist, UK-PHRST) has been working with a team made up of Cox’s Bazar public health and information management ...
Looking after Mental Health in COVID-19
By Arlinda Cerga-Pashoja Physical health is at the forefront of our minds in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. But ...
COVID-19: putting the poor and vulnerable on the radar
By Jerome Amir Singh Since WHO declared COVID-19 a Public Health Emergency of International Concern in late January 2020, the organisation ...
Technical and working papers that go in depth looking at research approaches, methods, findings and limitations available from the Global South AI4COVID program website.
Effectiveness of an inactivated Covid-19 vaccine with homologous and heterologous boosters against Omicron in Brazil
by Otavio T. Ranzani et al.Abstract The effectiveness of inactivated vaccines (VE) against symptomatic and severe COVID-19 caused by omicron is unknown. We conducted a nationwide, test-negative, case-control study to estimate VE for homologous and heterologous (BNT162b2) booster doses in adults who received two doses of CoronaVac in Brazil in the Omicron context. Analyzing 1,386,544 matched-pairs, VE against symptomatic disease was 8.6% (95% CI, 5.6–11.5) and 56.8% (95% CI, 56.3–57.3) in the period 8–59 days after receiving a homologous and heterologous booster, respectively. During the same interval, VE against severe Covid-19 was 73.6% (95% CI, 63.9–80.7) and 86.0% (95% CI, 84.5–87.4) after receiving a homologous and heterologous booster, respectively. Waning against severe Covid-19 after 120 days was only observed after a homologous booster. Heterologous booster might be preferable to individuals with completed primary series inactivated vaccine.
Effectiveness of CoronaVac, ChAdOx1 nCoV-19, BNT162b2, and Ad26.COV2.S among individuals with previous SARS-CoV-2 infection in Brazil: a test-negative, case-control study
by Thiago Cerqueira-Silva et al.Using national COVID-19 notification, hospitalisation, and vaccination datasets from Brazil, we did a testnegative, case-control study to assess the effectiveness of four vaccines (CoronaVac [Sinovac], ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 [AstraZeneca], Ad26.COV2.S [Janssen], and BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNtech]) for individuals with laboratory-confirmed previous SARS-CoV-2 infection. We matched cases with RT-PCR positive, symptomatic COVID-19 with up to ten controls with negative RT-PCR tests who presented with symptomatic illnesses, restricting both groups to tests done at least 90 days after an initial infection. We used multivariable conditional logistic regression to compare the odds of test positivity and the odds of hospitalisation or death due to COVID-19, according to vaccination status and time since first or second dose of vaccines.
COVID-19, vaccine hesitancy and child vaccination: Challenges from Brazil
by Michelle Fernandez, Gustavo Matta, Ester PaivaIn the world, the governments' policy decisions in response to COVID-19 were very different. Many countries, including in the Americas, political polarisation in health policies has been used as a tool for ideological dispute, draining out the debate around the right to social protection and health. During 2021, these strategies were used in vaccination policies. The consequences of the dissemination of misinformation about COVID-19 vaccines overflows distrust and hesitation into an entire public health project.
PRE-PRINT: The effectiveness of Vaxzevria and CoronaVac vaccines: A nationwide longitudinal retrospective study of 61 million Brazilians (VigiVac-COVID19)
by Thiago Cerqueira-Silva et al.Both vaccines demonstrated overall effectiveness against severe COVID-19 up to 80 years of age. Our results suggest that individuals aged 90 years or older may benefit from an expedited third booster dose. Ongoing evaluations, including any additional vaccines authorized, are crucial to monitoring long-term vaccine effectiveness.
PRE-PRINT: Effectiveness of the CoronaVac Vaccine in Prevention of Symptomatic and Progression to Severe COVID-19 in Pregnant Women in Brazil
by Enny S. Paixão et al.A complete regimen of CoronaVac in pregnant women was effective in preventing symptomatic Covid-19, and highly effective against severe illness in a setting that combines high disease burden and elevated Covid-19 related maternal deaths.
Safeguarding people living in vulnerable conditions in the COVID-19 era through universal health coverage and social protection
by Gabriela Cuevas Barron et al.The COVID-19 pandemic is unprecedented. The pandemic not only induced a public health crisis, but has led to severe economic, social, and educational crises. Across economies and societies, the distributional consequences of the pandemic have been uneven. Among groups living in vulnerable conditions, the pandemic substantially magnified the inequality gaps, with possible negative implications for these individuals' long-term physical, socioeconomic, and mental wellbeing. This Viewpoint proposes priority, programmatic, and policy recommendations that governments, resource partners, and relevant stakeholders should consider in formulating medium-term to long-term strategies for preventing the spread of COVID-19, addressing the virus's impacts, and decreasing health inequalities.
Younger Brazilians hit by COVID-19 – What are the implications?
by Raphael Guimarães et al.By the first week of June, Brazil had reached almost 17 million cases and a little more than 472,000 deaths. A notable demographic change has been observed within this period, in which young and middle-aged adults representing an increasing share of patients in wards and intensive care units (ICU).
The impacts of climate change on homeless populations after the pandemic
by Luiz Galvão et al.The notion that health crises unfairly and disproportionately affect vulnerable populations was observed and documented during the greatest health crisis of this century. Furthermore, studies have shown that the distribution of COVID-19 is unequal among different ethnic and socioeconomic groups (Horta, 2020 and Wang, 2020).
Predictability of COVID-19 worldwide lethality using permutation-information theory quantifiers
by Leonardo Fernandes et al.This paper examines the predictability of COVID-19 worldwide lethality considering 43 countries. Based on the values inherent to Permutation entropy (Hs) and Fisher information measure (Fs), we apply the Shannon-Fisher causality plane (SFCP), which allows us to quantify the disorder an evaluate randomness present in the time series of daily death cases related to COVID-19 in each country.
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines against hospital admission with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant
by Julia Stowe et al.We recently reported vaccine effectiveness (VE) estimates against symptomatic disease with the Delta (B.1.617.2) variant.(1) After a full course, VE reached 88% with the Pfizer/BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccine and 67% with the AstraZeneca ChAdOx1 AZD1222 vaccine. This provided important evidence that despite modest reductions in protection, vaccines remain effective against Delta. However, the very recent emergence of the variant and the relatively low case numbers meant that it was not possible to estimate VE against severe disease.
Human endogenous retrovirus K activation in the lower respiratory tract of severe COVID-19 patients associates with early mortality.
by Thiago Souza et al.Critically ill 2019 coronavirus disease patients (COVID-19) under invasive mechanical ventilation (IMV) are 10- to 40-times more likely to die than the general population. Although progression from mild to severe COVID-19 has been associated with hypoxia, uncontrolled inflammation and coagulopathy, the mechanisms involved in progression to severity are poorly understood. By analyzing the virome from tracheal aspirates (TA) of 25 COVID-19 patients under IMV, we found higher levels and differential expression of human endogenous retrovirus K (HERV-K) genes compared to nasopharyngeal swabs from mild cases and TA from non-COVID patients. Proteomic analysis and RT-PCR confirmed the presence of HERV-K in these patients.
Long COVID: Implications for Clinical Development
by Paul OlooDepression, Anxiety, and Lifestyle Among Essential Workers: A Web Survey From Brazil and Spain During the COVID-19 Pandemic
by Raquel Brandini De Boni, et al.Essential workers have been shown to present a higher prevalence of positive screenings for anxiety and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic. Individuals from countries with socioeconomic inequalities may be at increased risk for mental health disorders.
Covid-19 Confinement and Changes of Adolescent’s Dietary Trends in Italy, Spain, Chile, Colombia and Brazil
by María Belén Ruiz-Roso et al.Confinement due to the COVID-19 pandemic can influence dietary profiles, especially those of adolescents, who are highly susceptible to acquiring bad eating habits. Adolescents’ poor dietary habits increase their subsequent risk of degenerative diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular pathologies, etc. Our aim was to study nutritional modifications during COVID-19 confinement in adolescents aged 10 to 19 years, compare them with their usual diet and dietary guidelines, and identify variables that may have influenced changes.
COVID-19 Scientific and Public Health Policy Update
by Africa CDCIn addition to our Weekly Outbreak Brief on the spread of COVID-19 and the actions that Africa CDC is taking to help African Union Member States.
Medical PPE production in Africa: Promoting Local Manufacturers to support the COVID-19 Response (Workshop report)
by Africa CDCThe global pandemic has highlighted fragility in international supply chains and the dependency of many African countries on imported personal protective equipment (PPE).
Questions and answers on COVID-19 vaccine
by Africa CDCVaccines work by tricking your body into thinking it has been infected with a disease-causing organism (also called germs) such as a virus, prompting it to develop an immune reaction to the organism itself.
Evaluating the Burden-of-Disease Endpoint to Assess Vaccine Efficacy
by Edde Loeliger and Bob SmallCOVID-19 Efficacy Endpoints in Interventional Trials: What Constitutes an Incident Clinical Disease Case and What Triggers Diagnostic Work-Up V2.0
by Edde Loeliger & Amol ChaudhariCONSIDERATIONS FOR EVALUATION OF COVID19 VACCINES
by World Health OrganizationConsiderations for Inclusion of Risk Populations into COVID-19 Vaccine Efficacy Trials
by Paul Oloo & Edde LoeligerPsycho-Neuroendocrine-Immune Interactions in COVID-19: Potential Impacts on Mental Health
by Ícaro Raony, Camila Saggioro de Figueiredo, Pablo Pandolfo, Elizabeth Giestal-de-Araujo, Priscilla Oliveira-Silva Bomfim, Wilson SavinoCoronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The impacts of the disease may be beyond the respiratory system, also affecting mental health. Several factors may be involved in the association between COVID-19 and psychiatric outcomes, such as fear inherent in the pandemic, adverse effects of treatments, as well as financial stress, and social isolation.
Efficacy Endpoints in COVID-19 Vaccine Trials: SARS-CoV-2 Infection
by Amol Chaudhari & Edde LoeligerVaccine Efficacy Assessment for COVID-19
by Edde Loeliger and Bob SmallCOVID-19 Efficacy Endpoints in Interventional Trials: What Constitutes an Incident Clinical Disease Case and What Triggers Diagnostic Work-Up
by Edde Loeliger; Amol ChaudhariGeneral Core Elements for Early Phase Clinical Trials of COVID-19 Vaccine Candidates: Aspects to Consider
by Amol ChaudhariSpeed coronavirus vaccine testing by deliberately infecting volunteers? Not so fast, some scientists warn
by Editorial TeamHuman Challenge Studies to Accelerate Coronavirus Vaccine Licensure
by Nir Eyal et al.Consensus considerations on the assessment of the risk of disease enhancement with COVID-19 vaccines:
by Coalition for Epidemic Preparedness Innovations (CEPI)The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic presents an unprecedented challenge to global health with enormous health system, social and economic disruption and large numbers of deaths already experienced in many countries. Epidemiologic features confirm that ongoing spread to less affected areas is now a certainty.
Priority List of Adverse Events of Special Interest: COVID-19
by Barbara Law , Miriam SturkenboomTo maximize the value of vaccine safety data in clinical trials given their relatively limited sample size, it is essential to standardize their collection, presentation and analysis when possible.Given serious adverse events following immunization (AEFIs) are fortuitously rare, this need for globally accepted standard case definitions that allow for valid comparisons extend to individual case reports, surveillance systems, and retrospective epidemiologic studies.
The global spread of 2019-nCoV: a molecular evolutionary analysis
by Domenico Benvenuto, Marta Giovanetti, Marco Salemi, Mattia Prosperi, Cecilia De Flora, Luiz Carlos JThe global spread of the 2019-nCoV is continuing and is fast moving, as indicated by the WHO raising the risk assessment to high. In this article, we provide a preliminary phylodynamic and phylogeographic analysis of this new virus. A Maximum Clade Credibility tree has been built using the 29 available whole genome sequences of 2019-nCoV and two whole genome sequences that are highly similar sequences from Bat SARS-like Coronavirus available in GeneBank.